Romania, in a doua dimineata

Împărţirea administrativă

Conform articolului 3 din Constituţie, teritoriul României are o organizare administrativă pe comune, oraşe şi judeţe.
Comuna, unitatea elementară de organizare administrativă, este formată dintr-unul sau mai multe sate şi este condusă de un consiliu local şi un primar ales. România are 2 685 de comune însumând 13 285 de sate, respectiv cu o medie de cinci sate pe comună.
Oraşul este unitatea administrativă condusă de un consiliu local şi un primar ales. Oraşele mai importante pot fi declarate municipii. România are 263 de oraşe, dintre care 82 sunt municipii.
Judeţul este unitatea administrativă condusa de un consiliu judeţean şi un prefect. Consiliul judeţean este ales pentru a coordona activitatea consiliilor comunale şi orăşeneşti, având ca scop concentrarea interesului asupra serviciilor publice de importanţă la nivel judeţean. Guvernul numeşte un prefect în fiecare judeţ pentru a fi reprezentantul său local. România are 41 de judeţe plus municipiul-capitală Bucureşti, care are un statut similar cu acela de judeţ. Un judeţ are, în medie, o suprafaţă de 5 800 m.p. şi o populaţie de 500 000 de locuitori.

Capitala
Bucureşti este cel mai important şi cel mai populat oraş al României, fiind centrul politic, administrativ, economic, al ţării. Este situat în S-SE României. Oraşul se întinde pe o suprafaţă de 228 kmp şi are 2 016 000 de locuitori (reprezentând 9% din totalul populaţiei ţării şi 15% din populaţia urbană), fiind al treilea oraş ca numar de locuitori din regiune, dupa Atena şi Istanbul. Oraşul Bucureşti a fost prima oară menţionat în 1459, ca cetate de scaun a Ţării Româneşti sub domnia lui Vlad Ţepes, deşi aşezarea datează încă din secolul al XIV-lea. Între secolele XVII-XIX, Bucureşti a fost capitala Ţării Româneşti, iar în 1862 a devenit capitala României.

Oraşe
Din 263 de oraşe, 25 au peste 100 000 de locuitori. Opt dintre ele au mai mult de 300 000 de locuitori, printre care capitala Bucureşti (peste 2 000 000), Iaşi (350 000), Constanţa (327 000), Braşov (316 000) şi Craiova (314 000).

Populaţia: 21.680.974 (1 martie 2003; sursa: Institutul Naţional de Statistică)
Ca populaţie, România este a 43-a ţară în lume şi a 9-a în Europa. 55% din populaţie locuieşte în oraşe şi localităţi şi 45% în zona rurală. Populaţia masculină reprezintă 48.7% şi cea feminină 51.3% din totalul locuitorilor.

Naţionalităţi: români 89,5%, unguri (inclusiv secui) 6,6%, rromi (ţigani) 2,5%, alţii 1,4%

Religia: ortodocşi: 86,8%, romano-catolici 4,7%, reformaţi 3,2%, penticostali 1,5%, alţii 3,8%.

Limba oficială: limba română, limba maternă pentru 91% din populaţia ţării.
Minorităţile etnice sunt libere să-şi utilizeze limba maternă în şcoli, administraţie, sistemul juridic, presă, cultură etc. Limba maghiară este vorbită de cea mai numeroasă minoritate etnică, iar limba germană de minoritatea germană (saşi şi şvabi). Principalele limbi străine care circulă în prezent în România sunt engleza, franceza şi germana.

you lady will push this button, or else...

world wonders - The Temple of Artemis at Epheseus

The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

Is it simply a temple? How could it take its place among other unique structures such as the Pyramid, the Hanging Gardens, and the Colossus of Rhodes? For the people who actually visited it, the answer was simple. It was not just a temple... It was the most beautiful structure on earth... It was built in honor of the Greek goddess of hunting and wild nature. That was the Temple of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus.

Location
The ancient city of Ephesus near the modern town of Selcuk, about 50 km south of Izmir (Smyrna) in Turkey.

History
Although the foundation of the temple dates back to the seventh century BC, the structure that earned a spot in the list of Wonders was built around 550 BC. Referred to as the great marble temple, or temple D, it was sponsored by the Lydian king Croesus and was designed by the Greek architect Chersiphron. It was decorated with bronze statues sculpted by the most skilled artists of their time: Pheidias, Polycleitus, Kresilas, and Phradmon.

The temple served as both a marketplace and a religious institution. For years, the sanctuary was visited by merchants, tourists, artisans, and kings who paid homage to the goddess by sharing their profits with her. Recent archeological excavations at the site revealed gifts from pilgrims including statuettes of Artemis made of gold and ivory... earrings, bracelets, and necklaces... artifacts from as far as Persia and India.

On the night of 21 July 356 BC, a man named Herostratus burned the temple to ground in an attempt to immortalize his name. He did indeed. Strangely enough, Alexander the Great was born the same night. The Roman historian Plutarch later wrote that the goddess was "too busy taking care of the birth of Alexander to send help to her threatened temple". Over the next two decades, the temple was restored and is labeled "temple E" by archeologists. And when Alexander the Great conquered Asia Minor, he helped rebuild the destroyed temple.

When St Paul visited Ephesus to preach Christianity in the first century AD, he was confronted by the Artemis' cult who had no plans to abandon their goddess. And when the temple was again destroyed by the Goths in AD 262, the Ephesians vowed to rebuild. By the fourth century AD, most Ephesians had converted to Christianity and the temple lost its religious glamor. The final chapter came when in AD 401 the Temple of Artemis was torn down by St John Chrysostom. Ephesus was later deserted, and only in the late nineteenth century has the site been excavated.

The digging revealed the temple's foundation and the road to the now swampy site. Attempts were recently made to rebuilt the temple, but only a few columns have been re-erected.

first aid lesson: Burns

Burns: First aid

To distinguish a minor burn from a serious burn, the first step is to determine the degree and the extent of damage to body tissues. The three classifications of first-degree burn, second-degree burn and third-degree burn will help you determine emergency care:

First-degree burn
The least serious burns are those in which only the outer layer of skin (epidermis) is burned. The skin is usually red, with swelling and pain sometimes present. The outer layer of skin hasn't been burned through. Treat a first-degree burn as a minor burn unless it involves substantial portions of the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or a major joint.

Second-degree burn
When the first layer of skin has been burned through and the second layer of skin (dermis) also is burned, the injury is termed a second-degree burn. Blisters develop and the skin takes on an intensely reddened, splotchy appearance. Second-degree burns produce severe pain and swelling.

For minor burns, including second-degree burns limited to an area no larger than 2 to 3 inches in diameter, take the following action:

• Cool the burn. Hold the burned area under cold running water for at least 5 minutes, or until the pain subsides. If this is impractical, immerse the burn in cold water or cool it with cold compresses. Cooling the burn reduces swelling by conducting heat away from the skin. Don't put ice on the burn.
• Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage. Don't use fluffy cotton, which may irritate the skin. Wrap the gauze loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the burned skin, reduces pain and protects blistered skin.
• Take an over-the-counter pain reliever. These include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others). Never give aspirin to children or teenagers.

Minor burns usually heal without further treatment. Watch for signs of infection, such as increased pain, redness, fever, swelling or oozing. If infection develops, seek medical help.

Caution

• Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause frostbite, further damaging your skin.
• Don't break blisters. Broken blisters are vulnerable to infection.

Third-degree burn
The most serious burns are painless and involve all layers of the skin. Fat, muscle and even bone may be affected. Areas may be charred black or appear dry and white. Difficulty inhaling and exhaling, carbon monoxide poisoning or other toxic effects may occur if smoke inhalation accompanies the burn.

For major burns, call for emergency medical assistance (112 for Romania). Until an emergency unit arrives, follow these steps:

1. Don't remove burnt clothing. However, do make sure the victim is no longer in contact with smoldering materials or exposed to smoke or heat.
2. Don't immerse severe large burns in cold water. Doing so could cause shock.
3. Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). If there is no breathing or other sign of circulation, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
4. Cover the area of the burn. Use a cool, moist, sterile bandage; clean, moist cloth; or moist towels.

do the shaq dance

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feat lebron james and dwight howard

it happend today

=======::Events::=======

* 1777 - American Revolutionary War: Battle of Bennington - British forces are defeated by American troops.
* 1780 - American Revolutionary War: Battle of Camden - The British defeat the Americans near Camden, South Carolina.
* 1792 - Maximilien Robespierre presents the petition of the Commune of Paris to the Legislative Assembly, which demanded the formation of a revolutionary tribunal.
* 1812 - War of 1812: American General William Hull surrenders Fort Detroit without a fight to the British Army.
* 1819 - Eleven people die and 400 are injured by cavalry charges at the Peterloo Massacre at a public meeting at St. Peter's Field, Manchester, England.
* 1858 - U.S. President James Buchanan inaugurates the new transatlantic telegraph cable by exchanging greetings with Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. However, a weak signal will force a shutdown of the service in a few weeks.
* 1865 - Restoration Day in the Dominican Republic: The Dominican Republic regains its independence after 4 years of fighting against the Spanish Annexation.
* 1868 - Arica, Peru (now Chile) is devastated by a tsunami which followed a magnitude 8.5 earthquake in the Peru-Chile Trench off the coast. The earthquake and tsunami killed an estimated 25,000 people in Arica and perhaps 70,000 people in all.
* 1869 - Battle of Acosta Ñu: A Paraguay battalion made up of children is massacred by the Brazilian Army during the War of the Triple Alliance.
* 1870 - Franco-Prussian War: The Battle of Mars-La-Tour is fought, resulting in a Prussian victory.
* 1896 - Skookum Jim Mason, George Carmack and Dawson Charlie discover gold in a tributary of the Klondike River in Canada, setting off the Klondike Gold Rush.
* 1913 - Tōhoku Imperial University of Japan (modern day Tōhoku University) admits its first female students.
* 1914 - World War I: Battle of Cer begins.
* 1915 - World War I: Should victory be achieved over the Central Powers, the Triple Entente promises the Kingdom of Serbia: the Austro-Hungarian territories of Baranja, Srem, Slavonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina; and the eastern ⅔ of Dalmatia (from the river of Krka to the city of Bar).
* 1920 - The congress of the Communist Party of Bukhara opens. The congress would call for armed revolution.
* 1930 - The first color sound cartoon, called Fiddlesticks, is made by Ub Iwerks.
* 1940 - World War II: The Communist Party is banned in German-occupied Norway.
* 1942 - World War II: The two-person crew of the U.S. naval blimp L-8 disappears without a trace on a routine anti-submarine patrol over the Pacific Ocean. The blimp drifts without her crew and crash-lands in Daly City, California.
* 1945 - An assassination attempt was made on Japan's prime minister, Kantaro Suzuki.
* 1946 - The Japan Business Federation, or Keidanren, is established, and Ichirō Ishikawa is appointed its representative.
* 1960 - Cyprus gains its independence from the United Kingdom.
* 1960 - Joseph Kittinger parachutes from a balloon over New Mexico at 102,800 feet (31,330 m), setting three records that still stand today: High-altitude jump, free-fall, and fastest speed by a human without an aircraft.
* 1987 - A McDonnell Douglas MD-82 carrying Northwest Airlines Flight 255 crashes on take-off from Detroit Metropolitan Airport in Romulus, Michigan (Detroit), killing 155 passengers and crew. The sole survivor is four-year-old Cecelia Cichan.
* 1992 - In response to an appeal by President Fernando Collor de Mello to wear green and yellow as a way to show support for him, thousands of Brazilians take to the streets dressed in black.
* 1993 - The Debian distribution was first announced by Ian Murdock, then a student at Purdue University. Murdock initially called his system the "Debian Linux Release"

=======::Borned today::=======

1650 - Vincenzo Coronelli, Italian cartographer and encylopedist
1845 - Gabriel Lippmann, French physicist, Nobel laureate
1904 - Wendell Meredith Stanley, American chemist, Nobel laureate
1913 - Menachem Begin, 6th Prime Minister of Israel, Nobel laureate
1958 - Madonna, American singer and actress
1962 - Steve Carell, American actor and comedian

=======::Holidays::=======

* Palio dell'Assunta in Siena (on the day after the Assumption of Mary)
* Roman Empire - Portunalia in honor of Portunes.

some ads in newspapers...

Lost: small apricot poodle. Reward. Neutered. Like one of the family.

A superb and inexpensive restaurant. Fine food expertly served by waitresses in appetizing forms.

Dinner Special -- Turkey $2.35; Chicken or Beef $2.25; Children $2.00.

For sale: an antique desk suitable for lady with thick legs and large drawers.

Four-poster bed, 101 years old. Perfect for antique lover.

Now is your chance to have your ears pierced and get an extra pair to take home, too.

Wanted: 50 girls for stripping machine operators in factory.

Wanted: Unmarried girls to pick fresh fruit and produce at night.

We do not tear your clothing with machinery. We do it carefully by hand.